How to handle a travel disaster

Earthquakes, ash clouds, the oil spill, deadly riots, and predictions for a very active hurricane season, with the peak period just under way: So far it's been a doozy of a year for force-majeure events.

"Force majeure" means "greater force" and refers to all kinds of uncontrollable happenings—including labor strikes and even mechanical problems in some cases—that cause cancellations and delays in travel by road, sea, or air. What it can mean for travelers is greater pain because airlines and other transportation companies can deny you compensation and assistance just when you need it most.

Your rights in a force-majeure situation can be sketchy. For instance, if a flight is disrupted by events beyond the carrier's control, the carrier might not be required to provide meals or a hotel room, as American Airlines recently informed a staffer stranded overnight by bad weather. And cruise lines have the right to change itineraries without reimbursing you.

To smooth the way if you hit a bump:

Read the 'contract of carriage'

Airline websites provide links to those contracts, which detail what an airline will do for you if a flight is delayed or canceled. They vary by airline and change all the time. In general, contracts have become more restrictive lately.

Traveling within Europe?

Consider a European airline. European Union rules might provide more protection for stranded travelers than do U.S. airline policies.

Check warnings before going abroad

Look online for bulletins issued by the State Department or foreign governments. If you're already overseas, check the State Department's Travel page for tips (www.state.gov/travel).

Consider a travel agent

Good agents can help with an international trip or complicated itinerary because they know how to rebook through other cities or carriers. Ask an agent or tour operator in advance about contingency plans for severe weather.

Speak to hotel or cruise managers

If you're venturing anywhere threatened by storms, ask about policies before booking.

Study safe driving routes

In June, a AAA survey revealed that 33 percent of residents in hurricane-prone Florida are unsure of emergency-evacuation routes.

Book with a credit card

It might protect you if a travel company doesn't deliver services.

Look into travel insurance

It might be useful if you can't easily reschedule a trip and are concerned about adverse events. But timing is critical: For example, once a storm is identified and named (or an oil spill has begun), it's too late to buy a policy that will cover that specific event.